History of Cats

The Esteemed History of Cats

Throughout the esteemed history of cats, felines have been skilled hunters and survivors. When wildcats became more domestic, many civilizations were helped by their mission of keeping the rodent population in check. This has been invaluable to farmers, sailors and even the silk industry.

Domestic cats are claimed to have descended from five species of wildcats: the Southern African wildcat, the Central Asian wildcat, the Chinese desert cat, the European wildcat and the Near Eastern wildcat. Today, the closest relative of our pet felines, is the Near Eastern wildcat, who resembles a tabby.

Agriculture Changes the History of Cats

A consensus of the time period for domestication is nearly 10,000 years ago when agriculture was born in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent. Wild wheat and barley flourished. The large scale storage of grains became a food source for mice and rats. The wildcat was to follow this abundance of prey and began living near human settlements. Cats being obligate carnivores, their prey satisfies their dietary requirements for nutrition and hydration. A cat's prey is basically 75 percent water. Thus, the wildcat had an endless supply of meat and hydration, while farmers had loyal and determined rodent control workers.

The oldest archaeological evidence of domestic cats was found at the village of Shillourokambos, in southern Cyprus, a Greek isle. This was a significant event in the history of cats. The grave of a cat was positioned next to the grave of a human being who was buried with ceremonial artifacts of flint and stone. The discovery date of the burial was estimated to be around 9,000 B.C., a time of the Neolithic era or Stone Age. Further, an excavation by the British Archaeological Institute in Ankara of a site near Hacilar unearthed 22 small terracotta statues of women playing with cats. The figurines from Hacilar, which was an early settlement in southwest Turkey, are said to be from 6000 B.C. The theory of domestic cats being common in the late Neolithic time is supported.

The History of Cats Revered

 During the era of the New Kingdom (16th century B.C. - 11th century B.C.) in ancient Egypt, cats were exalted to godlike status. Aside from their duties of warding off snakes and rodents, cats became sacred. The history of cats saw statues placed outside homes to guard against evil spirits. The cat goddesses of Bastet and the lion-headed Sekhmet were praised by the ancient Egyptians. Domestic cats were thought to be the embodiment of the goddess Bast (a woman with the head of a cat) or Bastet (the cat in full form.) A necropolis at her principal temple at Bubastis contained over 300,000 mummified cats.

Since ancient Egypt was an important trading port, cats were taken on ships to control vermin. It is surmised that cats were introduced to Rome aboard these trading vessels. As the Roman empire expanded, the geographic history of cats saw their spread northward into central Europe and westward to Britain. They continued to move north and east in Europe. Admired as great hunters, cats were adopted quickly. The Vikings used cats as both rodent hunters and pets. The Viking goddess of love, fertility and war, Freyja, was associated with cats. Winged cats drew her chariot, and a custom was made to give new brides a kitten in her name.

When domestic cats arrived in Asia (most likely with European missionaries), they protected the silkworm cocoons from rodents. Cats as hunters thus helped with the silk industry and were cherished. Cats were often subjects for drawing and painting in China. Also, they protected ancient manuscripts from rodents.

In Japan, the "Maneki Neko" portrays a sitting cat with one paw raised and bent. These are considered good fortune. This legend in the history of cats rose from the story of a Japanese landlord who was saved from being struck by lightning. Intrigued by a cat seemingly waving at him, he left the deadly spot before impact. Replicas of this waving action are often found in businesses to draw in money.

An unfortunate event happened during the Middle Ages when felines were deemed as witches and familiars. This superstition led to their demise causing a black mark within the history of cats. However, the Europeans suffered for their cruelty. With the deaths of many cats came an uncontrolled rodent population which helped spread the Black Death in the 1300's. Almost one fourth of the European population died from the plaque.

Eventually, the cat's hunting prowess was respected again. By the 1600's, the French people began putting little holes at the bottom of their doors. Cats could enter and leave whenever they wanted. Perhaps, this coincided with the decree of King Louis XIII in the 1630's to end the practice of superstitious beliefs and harming cats. The history of cats prevails.

Today, domestic cats still hunt. The cat is a unique creature. Revered in every household, a cat appears to have the same outlook throughout its history. Cats have found us.

Article Claire Milligan

Photo Courtesy Diana Antal

History of Cats

Foods Dogs Should Not Eat

A balanced dog food diet can be achieved with the correct assimilation of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals which resemble those of their ancestors. For example, herding dogs of the past enjoyed a diet of beef and leafy greens. This was compatible with ensuring their good health, focus and energy levels. 

Certain foods while healthy to humans are extremely toxic to animals, affecting their nervous system and gastrointestinal system. The resulting adverse reactions are serious and sometimes deadly.

List Of Foods Dogs Should Not Eat

Be aware of the following dangers:

• Avocados - Avocados contain persin - a fungicidal toxin which can cause breathing troubles and fluid accumulation around the heart of animals. Persin can be found in the leaves, seeds, bark and the fruit itself.
• Chocolate - Stimulants in chocolate known as methylxanthines upset the dog's central nervous system and can cause seizures, diarrhea and vomiting.
• Grapes, Raisins and Prunes - Elements in these fruits can be detrimental to your pet's health. The most devastating effects of toxicity are sudden renal failure and death.
• Onions - Thiosulfate found in onions are responsible for gastrointestinal distress, because animals lack the enzyme to digest this substance. Also, thiosulfate weakens cell membranes, leading to the destruction of red blood cells.
• Pitted Fruits - The pits of fruits such as peaches, cherries and apricots contain a small amount of cyanide which can be extremely toxic to animals. Trace elements of cyanide also reside in the seeds of apples, lemons and limes.
• Raw Eggs - The protein avidin, present in raw egg whites, disallows the absorption of biotin (Vitamin B6). A deficiency in biotin may affect the dog's liver function, nervous system and skin and coat health. When a dog eats raw eggs, there is a risk for bacterial infection as well.

Healthy Choices For Dogs

Include fiber to promote digestive health.  Foods with a good content of fiber slow the digestive process so the body can absorb nutrients and also help move food through the digestive tract. As a source of soluble fiber and antioxidants, carrots are a healthy treat or meal addition.

Nutrition can play a role in dog skin health. Skin problems such as hot spots and yeast infections may be the result of food allergies. It is believed that a highly alkaline measure of  pH contributes to greater bacterial skin infections as opposed to breeds with acidic skin. Animal-based proteins such as those found in chicken, turkey and fish are a good source of essential amino acids for skin protection.

Larger canines like the German Shepherd need food that supports and strengthens joint cartilage. Acting as a shock absorber, cartilage cushions the bones. To prevent arthritis and reduce inflammation, add foods containing Omega-3 fatty acids such as fish oil.

A successful canine diet consists of foods that allow your pet to thrive. Provide foods which support digestive health as well as the immune system. Always have fresh purified water available.

Homemade Cat Food For Nutrition

Homemade cat food is essential for every domestic cat from the docile and aloof to the calculating hunter. The latter corresponds to the most crucial element of nutrition throughout the history of the species. Cats are obligate carnivores. They must eat meat. All cats including lions of the wild and tamed pets need a significant amount of animal-based proteins.

Homemade Cat Food and Animal Proteins

Felines cannot efficiently digest and use plant materials as a source of protein like human beings or canines. A plant-based diet will result in disease namely of the heart and the eyes. Proteins from animals have necessary amino acids. Taurine, for example, is a critical amino acid not found in plants. Taurine deficiency is a major reason for a sickly cat. Also, vitamins are found in animals such as liver which is a natural source of Vitamin A.

Prepare homemade cat food with mainly animal-based proteins, giving them the same dietary ingredients in which their predecessors thrived. For thousands of years, cats have succeeded as hunting carnivores. Four canine teeth are used to grab prey. The skeleton is built for agility and cushioned pads on their paws allow silent stalking and less injury while sprinting and leaping.  Long ago, wildcats were desert dwellers - their prey being the main source of hydration and nutrition. A cat, hunting in the wild will capture prey that contains up to 75 percent water. Since meat holds more moisture, hydration intakes are better served as well.

To supplement homemade cat food, felines need a separate bowl of pure drinking water. Deadly kidney problems, it is believed, such as chronic renal failure occur from a long-term lack of water in the diet. This can occur from a diet of dry food. Although cats have great reserves of water in their kidneys, signs of chronic renal failure may not appear until most of the kidney tissue does not work. Because cats are not thirsty creatures, have fresh water available at all times along with a moisture-rich meal.

Further, a steady diet of dry food adds unnecessary carbohydrates. Cats do not need excess  carbohydrates. A marked increase of such disrupts their blood sugar levels and can cause diabetes. Members of the feline family cannot process carbohydrates as efficiently as they can metabolize protein to glucose for energy. Also, carbohydrates are known to make urine alkaline. Their urine needs a pH balance of acidic. If a cat's urine does not hover within the acidic range of 6.0 to 6.5, crystals will develop. A higher acidic urine measure will yield a growth of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals. A pH value below 6 may cause calcium oxalate crystals.

Of course, a cat's diet cannot be only meat. Minerals like calcium would be lacking. Calcium is needed for the proper function of bones, blood, muscles and nerves. Dietary calcium can be found in dairy, bones and leguminous plants such as beans or peas. Another necessary mineral is phosphorous which is contained in meat. The calcium phosphorous ratio of 1.2 parts calcium to 1 part phosphorous is optimal for your pet's health.

Artifacts discovered from ancient Egypt have shown that cats were revered and worshiped. Somehow the modern house cat seems to expect this heritage. This genetically sleek and sinewy predator, though easily intrigued by yarn or string, deserves the best. Homemade cat food created with the correct balance of meat, water, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals promotes excellent health and prevents the downside of deficiency.

Article By Claire Milligan
Photo Courtesy of Diana Antal

Homemade Cat Food

Pecking Order Of Family Chickens

The pecking order of backyard chickens is necessary for survival.  Referring to the dominance of chickens, the term "pecking order" was made in the 1920s. Here, German observers noted how hens used their beaks to establish leadership especially during meals.

Within the flock, the hen at the top of the pecking order has the privilege of eating first and having the prime location in which to sleep and lay eggs.  Their position  requires them to maintain order in frenzied times of frolic. The underlings also have respect for other household pets who were present before their arrival.

The chickens always have revered the cockatiel, Sun.

Although the smallest hen in size, Pidgeroo is the leader.

Featured are a few of Pidgeroo's chicks who will rank lower in the pecking order.

Aside from the dynamic of hens, the roosters have their own agenda.  Roosters protect the flock and establish a territory.  They do so through crowing. Even before the first sign of light, roosters may be heard crowing to anticipate the sunrise.  Roosters crow to define their territory.  They also alert wandering chickens that it is time for food or sleep. More important, a rooster will crow to warn his fellow chickens of a nearby predator such as a circling hawk or eagle.

Dusk brings the chickens home to roost.  The alpha hen gets the first choice of sleeping arrangements. Usually, the chickens crowd together to keep warm.  As of late, our chickens have been roosting in the leafy trees.  Some branches are lined with many cuddling chickens, while others just have two buddies.

German Shepherd Training and the Effect of Senses

German Shepherd training can be more effective when realizing that dogs have an extraordinary awareness of their environment.  Since canines are descendants of wolves, socialization and training are mandatory.  Wolves have a pack mentality with the alpha wolf being the leader.  If your pet is not trained properly and does not recognize a clear leader within the family dynamic, they will fill this position as the alpha dog.

When training a white German Shepherd, one must be cognizant of a canine's superior senses.  These may come into play in the form of distractions.  A dog can become alerted by a sound, a scent or motion.  For example, a dog may experience a loss in concentration when picking up a scent.  The German Shepherd has a remarkable sense of smell with some 200 million olfactory senses in their noses.  A human being has about 5 million in comparison. Olfaction is defined as the process of smelling.  A canine's sense of smell is so refined that they can detect different types of chemical molecules.   These include food ingredients, drugs and even bugs.  Studies show the German Shepherd breed has identified diseases such as cancer through the sense of smell and metabolic disturbances. An example of these scents include volatile organic compounds not found in healthy human tissue.

Other senses that may cause a loss of focus are the sense of sight.  Although a dog has trouble interpreting vibrant colors such as shades of red and green, they are excellent motion detectors.  In particular, the German Shepherd breed can see things moving at great distances because of the placement of their eyes. This wider field of vision is consistent with dogs that have longer noses.

Regarding hearing, it is said a dog can hear 4 times the distance of humans.  They can ascertain the location of sound quite quickly due to the eighteen muscles which operate the ears. Also dogs can hear at higher frequencies than people. The ears of the German Shepherd will tilt and rotate to the direction of the sound, since they are upright and curved.

Thus, it is important to find a quiet location, so your pet can focus. Here are some other tips:

• Keep the commands short.  One word commands should suffice.
• Train in a location relatively free from distractions.
• Be consistent with movements of your body.  Too many movements may be interpreted as new commands.
• Reward with treats immediately.  Keep treats out of sight until after achievement.
• Positive reinforcement and high praise are key.

The German Shepherd breed loves to learn and is eager to please.  Successful training makes for a loyal dog and lifelong friend.

Entertaining Cat Toys

Cat Toys Entertain

A myriad of cat toys satisfy this fickle creature's necessity for fun. Some suggestions for toys include towers, stuffed mice, small amounts of catnip, stuffed animals, ribbons, drinking straws and balls. Boxes and bags also allow the feline to enter a different world.

From an early age, cats love to play. They pounce. They swat. They chew. A cat who swats and pounces is honing their inherent hunting skills. The act of chewing allows them to clean their teeth. For kittens within three to six months of age, chewing reduces the pain of teething.

Entertaining your cat does not have to come at a great expense. Homemade cat toys and towers are fun to create. Find some items around the house that can be recycled with a new use. These basic Items can make for interesting diversions. Our pet whom we referred to as "Cat" is enjoying one of his homemade cat toys. Made from loops for crafting pot holders, we tied many of them together in a haphazard fashion. Attached at the bottom are some pom poms. Be careful to use only non-toxic parts.

Anything an owner can do to substitute a natural setting is important for their pets to thrive. This can be accomplished by providing an environment abounding with activity and curiosity. Also, it will keep their attention away from harmful products such as electrical cords and toxic plants. Make good use of the time when your cat is alert and awake, which really is not that long. Unexpended energy usually results in destruction.

There are times when your pet's interaction with cat toys needs to be independent of you. This occurs when you are trying to sleep. Some breeds of cats are predominately night hunters. Nature has helped with the markings of their coat. A cat with light markings surrounding the eye area are meant to be on the prowl at night. The lighter colors attract the most light to enhance their night vision. Those that hunt in the day are gifted with dark markings around the eyes to eliminate glare. If you happen to own the night stalker, scatter some interesting cat toys about the house.

Your feline friend likes to feel secure. The top secret space inside a simple box or bag satisfies their primal instinct of hiding and perhaps readying themselves for the element of surprise. There are many inexpensive ways to provide this strategic, safety zone such as a Halloween bag.

Learn About Catnip As Cat Toys

Popular cat toys can be filled with catnip. The plant catnip is a member of the mint family. The essential oil known as nepetalactone is the ingredient which causes unique reactions in cats. Nepetalactone is released when cats interact with the catnip through sniffing, rubbing, licking or clawing motions. The results of catnip occur in the olfactory system in which cats have a receptor. The effects of catnip through interaction will act as an hallucinogen, while if ingested the effects will be that of a sedative. For 5 to 10 minutes, after nepetalactone is present, the stimulated response can be seen through hunting, chasing, short spurts of energy or just periods of sheer happiness.

Catnip is not toxic. A cat's response to catnip is hereditary. Some are unaffected. As with any medicinal plant, portions should consist of a moderate amount, if ingested. An adverse reaction to catnip may exhibit as vomiting or stomach upset. In this case, no more catnip. Usually, cats know when enough will suffice. A similar situation is evident when cats are stroked by their owners. The enjoyment lasts for a while until cats become over stimulated and the moment is lost. The end can be signaled by the swinging of a claw, jumping off your lap or rapid movement of the tail.

Here is an easy way to incorporate catnip. Fill a small sock or thin cloth pouch with catnip. Secure with ribbon or yarn. Attach feathers or pom poms to the end of your creation.

Contrary to their sometimes stoic expressions, cats need to interact. Fashion your own toys. Your feline will most likely play as you are crafting their cat toys.

Animals Selecting Giveaway Winners

This is Tilda, a kitten from Philadelphia, posing before she was to select the winner of my sister's nail polish giveaway. My sister likes to use animals as the fair and impartial judges. She writes the entries on slips of paper and places tempting treats underneath as a reward. As you can see, Tilda has a cat leash since she is young and in a major city.

Pictured in the Halloween bag is my cat who we lovingly called "Cat." He was 17 years old in these cat photos.  He did not immediately understand his role as judge in the contest.

If I can't see you, you don't exist!

There is no chance, it appears, that our cat would have escaped judging the giveaway to perhaps venture where the wildcats of the past were seen - on ships, at the local granary or being worshiped. We reside in a rural setting, and he was content to stay nearby.

Who would have guessed that besides helping the backyard environment, the scratching motions of chickens  would also help select a giveaway winner. My chicken Pidgeroo is featured with her brother rummaging through bird seed.  Pidgeroo, so named because when she was very young, she resembled a mix between a pigeon and a rooster.  Pidgeroo has provided many small brown eggs for eating, and later had a family.  Now she is a grandmother.

Finally, here is Elf, a very independent Miniature Pinscher. He is using his innate skills in rodent control to randomly select a contest winner. Although Elf seems to be a sleek and capable hunter, at night he tunnels under his favorite blanket and falls asleep.

True to his mischievous nature, Elf sneaks away with the winning entry.

All photos courtesy of Diana Antal.