Dog Skin Problems

Dog skin problems are caused by many factors such as allergies.  In dogs, allergies usually manifest as troubling skin conditions,  while in humans they are presented through the respiratory system.  An allergy is a result of a bodily system being unable to recognize a specific substance.  Normally this is a protein which is a large molecule.  A dog's immune system sees the allergen as potentially harmful and works to dispel it.  Canine allergies can occur from  pollen, mold, fleas and food. Great discomfort from excessive itching and scratching ensues.

When exposed to pollen for the first time, a dog's immune system will produce antibodies, thus becoming sensitized to the foreign protein. Inhalant or atopic allergies are the most common form.  Nutritional modifications can help with pollen.  To cut down on mold allergies, keep their environment less humid to disable mold spores.   Regarding food, a pet may be allergic to the protein percentage of grains.  Wheat gluten is often a source for itching as well as dog food with soy.  Food allergies in pets account for roughly fifteen percent of cases.  Flea bites can pose greater problems due to the severe scratching from flea saliva. This is not limited to the location of the bite.  Maintain your pet's preventative flea regimen, especially during the warmer months.

Constant scratching can cause secondary infections such as superficial pyoderma - a bacterial infection of the epidermis and hair follicle near the skin surface.  Excessive scratching damages the skin and breaks down the animal's natural defenses.  Bacteria then penetrates the skin.

Dog hot spots are warm, moist, swollen areas of skin that can smell very awful.  Oftentimes, pus is excreted.   This is an extremely painful  dog skin problem.  The dog further irritates the area through incessant chewing.  Unfortunately, dogs with thick  fur like a German Shepherd, will be in terrible distress – sometimes ripping out pieces of fur.  Specifically in canines with long coats, moisture gets trapped more easily in those areas  adjacent to their skin.  Hence the developed bacteria invades.

Since dog's skin has a different pH value than humans, use shampoo formulated for canines. The letters pH stands for potential hydrogen and reflects the measure of alkalinity or acidity of a substance. The pH scales ranges from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Human skin pH is more acidic. The skin and fur pH values for a canine tends toward a more alkaline measure. Dog shampoo will not upset the pH balance. By washing your pet thoroughly, some of the excess bacteria and dirt, can also be removed.

There are dangerous dog skin problems.   One type is mange or canine scabies.  Tiny microscopic mites attack the dog's body and reproduce on the skin surface.  They feed on the nutrients of the dog's body. A rapid spread of mites is very serious and will require prompt medical attention.

When not presenting in the ears, unhealthy yeast infections are difficult to ascertain.  Yeast is a single cell organism found on your dog.  It normally resides in the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.  Yeast toxins adversely affect the immune system and cause many infections. Once the immune system has been compromised, yeast will grow. Toxic activity will increase.  Proper diet and nutrition can keep yeast under control.

Ninety percent of canine yeast infections occur in the ear, where in canines the ear canal is also an extension of their skin.   An obvious sign of infection is noticed when a pet is scratching their ear relentlessly.  The ear is crusty and red. There is discharge.  There is a bad odor from an overproduction of sebum.  Possibly, the dog may appear off-balance.  It's time to see the doctor.  They can determine if the yeast is either a primary or secondary infection.  Mange also could mimic these symptoms.  In these complicated cases, dog skin problems are harder to diagnose.

Sometimes a dog may acquire a contact allergy such as ringworm - a fungal disease affecting the skin.  Soil,  animals and people are the homestead for fungi.  When contracted by your pet, the fungus resides in dead skin cells found on the surface and expands in an outward ring.  The skin becomes red and swollen eventually becoming crusty.  After spreading, patches of hair are lost.

Here are some preventative actions for dog skin problems.

• Good grooming:  Simply brush your dog.  
• Make sure their ears are clean.   
• Dry your dog thoroughly after a bath or swim.  
• Keep up with flea and tick medications for parasite prevention.  
• Try a nutritional supplement with dog food. 
• Have an annual wellness check after the puppy stage of development.

If your dog shows signs of skin problems and distress, seek veterinary advice.  Delaying treatment can cause more complications and heartache.  A dog is loyal and eager to please, even if suffering from health issues. Dog skin problems can be helped so your pet can thrive.

The Five Senses of Cats

Cats rely on their senses for survival. The five senses of cats are utilized for the purposes of hunting, navigation and protection.

The Sense of Hearing
Cats are adept at hearing high-pitched sounds - 1.6 octaves above humans and 1.0 octave above dogs. The ears of a cat will swivel in the direction of a sound, while their ear flaps can move up, down and sideways to pinpoint the source of sound.

The Sense of Sight
 Studies show that cats have good night vision. Cats have a reflective layer behind the retina that sends light that passes through the retina back into the eye. In very bright light, the iris closes over the eye, reducing the amount of light on the retina. This improves their depth of field which is beneficial to hunting.

The Sense of Smell
Cats have a stronger sense of smell than human beings. Cats have approximately two times the number of receptors in their olfactory epithelium as humans do. They also have a scent organ in the roof of their mouths known as Jacobson's organ. When a cat lowers its chin and their tongue hangs down this is called gaping and they are using their sense of smell through their mouth.

The Sense of Taste
Scientist theorize that cats are obligate carnivores due to a genetic mutation regarding their sweetness sensory receptor. Therefore, they would not feed on plants which have high contents of sugar. A diet high in protein would stimulate their sense of taste.

The Sense of Touch
The whiskers of cats help in navigation and in the sense of touch. The upper and lower rows can move independently from one another, giving the cat greater tools to measure objects within the vicinity. Also, whiskers have nerve endings where the cat can sense nearby movement or stationary objects. When the whiskers point forward, a cat is said to be friendly and curious. A defensive attitude is reflected when the whiskers lie flat against the face.

The Five Senses Of Cats

History of Cats

The Esteemed History of Cats

Throughout the esteemed history of cats, felines have been skilled hunters and survivors. When wildcats became more domestic, many civilizations were helped by their mission of keeping the rodent population in check. This has been invaluable to farmers, sailors and even the silk industry.

Domestic cats are claimed to have descended from five species of wildcats: the Southern African wildcat, the Central Asian wildcat, the Chinese desert cat, the European wildcat and the Near Eastern wildcat. Today, the closest relative of our pet felines, is the Near Eastern wildcat, who resembles a tabby.

Agriculture Changes the History of Cats

A consensus of the time period for domestication is nearly 10,000 years ago when agriculture was born in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent. Wild wheat and barley flourished. The large scale storage of grains became a food source for mice and rats. The wildcat was to follow this abundance of prey and began living near human settlements. Cats being obligate carnivores, their prey satisfies their dietary requirements for nutrition and hydration. A cat's prey is basically 75 percent water. Thus, the wildcat had an endless supply of meat and hydration, while farmers had loyal and determined rodent control workers.

The oldest archaeological evidence of domestic cats was found at the village of Shillourokambos, in southern Cyprus, a Greek isle. This was a significant event in the history of cats. The grave of a cat was positioned next to the grave of a human being who was buried with ceremonial artifacts of flint and stone. The discovery date of the burial was estimated to be around 9,000 B.C., a time of the Neolithic era or Stone Age. Further, an excavation by the British Archaeological Institute in Ankara of a site near Hacilar unearthed 22 small terracotta statues of women playing with cats. The figurines from Hacilar, which was an early settlement in southwest Turkey, are said to be from 6000 B.C. The theory of domestic cats being common in the late Neolithic time is supported.

The History of Cats Revered

 During the era of the New Kingdom (16th century B.C. - 11th century B.C.) in ancient Egypt, cats were exalted to godlike status. Aside from their duties of warding off snakes and rodents, cats became sacred. The history of cats saw statues placed outside homes to guard against evil spirits. The cat goddesses of Bastet and the lion-headed Sekhmet were praised by the ancient Egyptians. Domestic cats were thought to be the embodiment of the goddess Bast (a woman with the head of a cat) or Bastet (the cat in full form.) A necropolis at her principal temple at Bubastis contained over 300,000 mummified cats.

Since ancient Egypt was an important trading port, cats were taken on ships to control vermin. It is surmised that cats were introduced to Rome aboard these trading vessels. As the Roman empire expanded, the geographic history of cats saw their spread northward into central Europe and westward to Britain. They continued to move north and east in Europe. Admired as great hunters, cats were adopted quickly. The Vikings used cats as both rodent hunters and pets. The Viking goddess of love, fertility and war, Freyja, was associated with cats. Winged cats drew her chariot, and a custom was made to give new brides a kitten in her name.

When domestic cats arrived in Asia (most likely with European missionaries), they protected the silkworm cocoons from rodents. Cats as hunters thus helped with the silk industry and were cherished. Cats were often subjects for drawing and painting in China. Also, they protected ancient manuscripts from rodents.

In Japan, the "Maneki Neko" portrays a sitting cat with one paw raised and bent. These are considered good fortune. This legend in the history of cats rose from the story of a Japanese landlord who was saved from being struck by lightning. Intrigued by a cat seemingly waving at him, he left the deadly spot before impact. Replicas of this waving action are often found in businesses to draw in money.

An unfortunate event happened during the Middle Ages when felines were deemed as witches and familiars. This superstition led to their demise causing a black mark within the history of cats. However, the Europeans suffered for their cruelty. With the deaths of many cats came an uncontrolled rodent population which helped spread the Black Death in the 1300's. Almost one fourth of the European population died from the plaque.

Eventually, the cat's hunting prowess was respected again. By the 1600's, the French people began putting little holes at the bottom of their doors. Cats could enter and leave whenever they wanted. Perhaps, this coincided with the decree of King Louis XIII in the 1630's to end the practice of superstitious beliefs and harming cats. The history of cats prevails.

Today, domestic cats still hunt. The cat is a unique creature. Revered in every household, a cat appears to have the same outlook throughout its history. Cats have found us.

Article Claire Milligan

Photo Courtesy Diana Antal

History of Cats

Foods Dogs Should Not Eat

A balanced dog food diet can be achieved with the correct assimilation of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals which resemble those of their ancestors. For example, herding dogs of the past enjoyed a diet of beef and leafy greens. This was compatible with ensuring their good health, focus and energy levels. 

Certain foods while healthy to humans are extremely toxic to animals, affecting their nervous system and gastrointestinal system. The resulting adverse reactions are serious and sometimes deadly.

List Of Foods Dogs Should Not Eat

Be aware of the following dangers:

• Avocados - Avocados contain persin - a fungicidal toxin which can cause breathing troubles and fluid accumulation around the heart of animals. Persin can be found in the leaves, seeds, bark and the fruit itself.
• Chocolate - Stimulants in chocolate known as methylxanthines upset the dog's central nervous system and can cause seizures, diarrhea and vomiting.
• Grapes, Raisins and Prunes - Elements in these fruits can be detrimental to your pet's health. The most devastating effects of toxicity are sudden renal failure and death.
• Onions - Thiosulfate found in onions are responsible for gastrointestinal distress, because animals lack the enzyme to digest this substance. Also, thiosulfate weakens cell membranes, leading to the destruction of red blood cells.
• Pitted Fruits - The pits of fruits such as peaches, cherries and apricots contain a small amount of cyanide which can be extremely toxic to animals. Trace elements of cyanide also reside in the seeds of apples, lemons and limes.
• Raw Eggs - The protein avidin, present in raw egg whites, disallows the absorption of biotin (Vitamin B6). A deficiency in biotin may affect the dog's liver function, nervous system and skin and coat health. When a dog eats raw eggs, there is a risk for bacterial infection as well.

Healthy Choices For Dogs

Include fiber to promote digestive health.  Foods with a good content of fiber slow the digestive process so the body can absorb nutrients and also help move food through the digestive tract. As a source of soluble fiber and antioxidants, carrots are a healthy treat or meal addition.

Nutrition can play a role in dog skin health. Skin problems such as hot spots and yeast infections may be the result of food allergies. It is believed that a highly alkaline measure of  pH contributes to greater bacterial skin infections as opposed to breeds with acidic skin. Animal-based proteins such as those found in chicken, turkey and fish are a good source of essential amino acids for skin protection.

Larger canines like the German Shepherd need food that supports and strengthens joint cartilage. Acting as a shock absorber, cartilage cushions the bones. To prevent arthritis and reduce inflammation, add foods containing Omega-3 fatty acids such as fish oil.

A successful canine diet consists of foods that allow your pet to thrive. Provide foods which support digestive health as well as the immune system. Always have fresh purified water available.